The Korean Martial Art of Self Defense by Master Choe Pdf

Fighting practices developed during the defense force of the Korean peninsula

Students from a Korean martial arts school in Calgary practise a sit-in

Korean martial arts (Hangul: 무술, Hanja: 武術, musul or Hangul: 무예, Hanja: 武藝, muye) are fighting practices and methods which have their identify in the history of Korea but have been adapted for employ by both military machine and non-war machine personnel equally a method of personal growth or recreation. The history of Korean martial arts can be traced equally far back as the prehistoric era. The ancestors of modern Korean people migrated and settled in the Korean Peninsula as early as the 28th century BC, a geopolitical region besieged by thousands of known documented instances of strange invasions. Consequently, the Korean people adult unique martial arts and military strategies in lodge to defend themselves and their territory.

Today, Korean martial arts are being adept worldwide; more i in a hundred of the world's population practices some form of taekwondo. Amidst the all-time recognized Korean practices using weapons are traditional Korean archery and Kumdo, the Korean adaptation of the Japanese Kendo. The best known unarmed Korean Martial Arts are Taekwondo and Hapkido, though such traditional practices such equally ssireum - Korean Wrestling - and Taekkyon - Korean Foot Fighting - are rapidly gaining in popularity both inside and outside the land. In November 2011, Taekkyon was recognized by UNESCO and placed on its Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity List.^[1] In that location has also been a revival of traditional Korean swordsmanship arts also as knife fighting and archery.

History [edit]

Early history [edit]

Wrestling, called ssireum, is the oldest grade of footing fighting in Korea, while Subak was the upright martial fine art of foot soldiers. Weapons were an extension of those unarmed skills. Besides being used to train soldiers, both of these traditional martial arts were too pop amongst villagers during festivals for trip the light fantastic toe, mask, acrobatic, and sport fighting. These martial arts were also considered basic concrete education. However, Koreans (every bit with the neighboring Mongols) relied more heavily on bows and arrows in warfare than they did on close-range weapons.^[2]

It appears that during the Goguryeo dynasty, (37 BC – 668) subak/taekkeyon or ssireum (empty-handed fighting), swordsmanship, spear-fighting and horse riding were practiced. In 1935, paintings that showed martial arts were found on the walls of purple tombs believed to have been built for Goguryeo kings sometime between the years three and 427 AD.^[three] Which techniques were practiced during that menstruation is, however, something that cannot exist adamant from these paintings. References to Subak can exist found in government records from the Goguryeo dynasty through the Joseon dynasty, until the 15th century, subsequently which its popularity declined It reappears but in 1790 book virtually martial arts titled Muyedobotongji (무예도보통지).^[4]

It is believed that the warriors from the Silla Dynasty (57 BC-935 AD) known equally the Hwarang learned subak from the neighboring Goguryeo armies when they appealed for their assist against invading Japanese pirates.^{[ citation needed ]} But this remains a conjecture, every bit at that place is nil actual documentation of such in Korean records. There likewise remains no known documentation of specific military grooming past the Hwarang.

The evolution of Subak continued during the Goryeo Dynasty (935–1392).^{[ commendation needed ]} Goryeo records that mention the martial arts always include passages about Subak.^{[ commendation needed ]} The Joseon regime, yet, outlawed the practise of Subak as a public spectacle in response to issues arising from the betting practices of big numbers of Korean farmers and landowners (these betting practices included wagering land and sometimes family members).^{[ citation needed ]} Subak disappears in the records of the Joseon Dynasty to make place to Taekkyon. Taekkyon players are portrayed in several paintings from that era. The most famous painting is probably the Daegwaedo (Hangul: 대괘도, Hanja: 大快圖), painted in 1846 by Hyesan Yu Suk (혜산 유숙, 1827–1873), which shows men competing in both ssireum (씨름) and Taekkyon.

Goryo menstruation [edit]

With the Mongol conquest, the Korean military was reorganized around the mounted archer. Armor and weaponry became very like to Mongol armor and weaponry. Acrobatic horsemanship (masangjae), falconry and polo (Gyeokgu) were imported. The Korean Blended bow (which is very like to the medieval Mongol bow) was adopted at this time. The unique structure of the Korean Gakgung bow shows the original form of the Mongol bow, earlier the Manchus improved information technology with stronger and bigger ears.^[5] As the armed services class in late Goryeo was almost entirely populated past ethnic Mongols in do, the Joseon Army also carried on the mounted archer tradition. (Yi Seong-gye, the founder of the Joseon dynasty was a hereditary Mongol darughachi of Korean origin, administering the Mongol province of Ssangseong in North.East. Korea. Choi Young made his reputation fighting for the Mongols in northern China, putting down Han rebellions in the last days of the Yuan dynasty.) Until the publication of Muyedobotongji in 1795, archery remained a singular Korean martial art, testable during the military machine portion of the Gwageo (National Service Examination)

Joseon Dynasty Martial Arts [edit]

Every bit the continuation of Goryo armed forces, the Joseon military maintained the primacy of the bow as its main stay weapon. Gungdo remained the most prestigious of all martial arts in Korea. Gungdo was the single nearly important testable effect in gwageo, the national service exam used to select Army officers from 1392 to Gabo Reform in 1894 when gwageo system was terminated.

During the Imjin War (1592–1598), Toyotomi Hideyoshi launched the conquest of Prc's Ming Dynasty by way of Korea. Even so, afterward two unsuccessful campaigns towards the allied forces of Korea and China and his decease, his forces returned to Japan in 1598. but with heavy loss of men and cultural heritage. Information technology was besides during this war that the famous turtle ships (Geobukseon, 거북선) were used by Admiral Yi Dominicus-sin. These ships were covered with metal shields, much like the shell of a turtle, which could withstand the gun attacks of the Japanese.

In 1593, Korea received help from China to win back Pyongyang. During one of the battles, the Koreans learned well-nigh a martial art manual titled Ji Xiao Xin Shu (紀效新書), written by the Chinese military strategist Qi Jiguang. Male monarch Seonjo (1567–1608) took a personal interest in the volume, and ordered his court to study the book. This led to the creation of the Muyejebo (무예제보, Hanja: 武藝諸譜) in 1599 past Han Gyo, who had studied the use of several weapons with the Chinese army. Soon this book was revised in the Muyejebo Seokjib and in 1759, the book was revised and published at the Muyesinbo (Hangul: 무예신보, Hanja: 武藝新譜).^[6]

Korean Regular army under Gwon Yul attacking the Japanese Castle at Ulsan, allowable by Katō Kiyomasa. Note that the entire formation is archers, as painted by the Japanese.

During the Imjin war, three main weapons were identified past all sides as representative of their armies. The Japanese were known for their arquebus. The Ming Dynasty Chinese forces were known for their lance. Koreans were known for their Pyeonjeon used in conjunction with the Korean blended bow. During the war itself, Korea began adopting the Arquebus, eventually mastering it. Korean arquebusiers became so well known for their power to impale tigers, which were rampant in Korea throughout its history until its final extermination in 1919, that Ming Cathay requested the assistance of Korean arquebusiers confronting the rising Manchus in 1619. At the Boxing of Sarhu, Korean order of battle was composed of 10,000 arquebusiers out of 13,000 total men. This upshot illustrates how Korea apace adopted modern weaponry and discarded close quarter martial arts.

Following the 1636 Second Manchu invasion of Korea, where Manchu composite archers defeated Koreans, who were also more often than not composed of archers, supplemented by arquebusiers, the Manchu Qing Dynasty demanded Korean arquebusiers in their battles confronting Russia in the belatedly 1600s. In 1654 and 1658, Joseon deployed 400 of its all-time tiger hunters every bit Arquebusiers to fight the Russians along the Amur River during the Sino-Russian edge conflicts. Again, no tape of swordmen, empty hand martial arts existence used or favored by the Korean Army during this period.

In 1790, the Majestic Korean Army published the richly illustrated Muyedobotongji (Hangul: 무예도보통지, Hanja: 武藝圖譜通志). The book does not mention ssireum, subak, or taekkyon, but shows influences from Chinese and Japanese fighting systems. The volume, deals mostly with armed gainsay like sword fighting, double-sword fighting, spear fighting, stick fighting, and so on. The affiliate that deals with a mode of empty-handed fighting called kwonbeop ("fist methods," a generic name for empty-handed gainsay; the word is the Korean pronunciation of quanfa) shows techniques that resemble Chinese martial arts—quite dissimilar from taekkyon. Co-ordinate to the Muyedobotongji, empty-handed gainsay should be learned earlier armed combat, since it forms the basis of a martial education.^{[ commendation needed ]} It also states that internal styles are ameliorate suited for fighting than external styles.^{[ citation needed ]} The name for the martial arts of the Muyedobotongji is shippalgi. This transmission was intended as a training transmission for Soldiers in the 1790s, every bit war machine arts had withered by that time. Despite the publication of this manual, it was never widely distributed, and there was no renaissance of martial arts in Korea.

In 1895, Emperor Gojong invited xl sword masters from Japan to begin didactics the art of the sword to his Korean Army cadets and constabulary officers. This was decided upon due to the lack of native sword masters in Korea at the time^{[ citation needed ]}. The pedagogy of the Art of the Sword continued well after the 1910 Annexation, until the art was formally named Kendo in Japan, and Kumdo in Korean.

In 1899, Emperor Gojong of Korean Empire, with the encouragement of Prince Heinrich of Prussia, who was visiting Korea at the fourth dimension, established Gungdo as an official sport, allowing it to flourish throughout the next century, being recognized by the Japanese Occupation government as a folk fine art in 1920. The Korean Gungdo Federation was established in Seoul in 1920. Along with Ssireum, Gungdo accomplished nationwide popularity within Korea throughout the 1930s and 1940s, even as Japanese martial arts also garnered a large following on the peninsula.

During the Donghak Rebellion, much of the rebels used quondam matchlock arquebuses against the modern rifles of the Korean and Japanese Army. Although the rebels initially fought confronting the Korean authorities, following the fall of Jeonju, the Korean government had invited in the Japanese Army to help suppress the peasant rebels. With the annexation of Korea in 1910, all matchlocks were confiscated and destroyed past the Japanese. However, the Japanese did not cease the production and keeping of bows, which they did not consider as a threat to internal security.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Modern Korean martial arts [edit]

The 2 extant martial arts at the fourth dimension of Japanese take over in 1910, Ssireum and Gungdo grew in popularity during the Japanese occupation menses, both of them founding their current federations in 1920. Many of the oldest Gungdo clubs in Seoul, including Hwanghakjeong (well-nigh Gyeongbokgung Palace) and Sukhojeon on Namsan (Seoul) were founded in the 1930s. Taekkyon did non savour much popularity during the occupation era. Information technology has grown in popularity simply in the 21st century through the constancy of Song Deok-Gi (1893-1987). Well-nigh Koreans learned Japanese martial arts during the occupation menstruation.

Currently these new arts such equally Tae Kwon Exercise and Hapkido created since 1945 remain the most popular in Korea. Other modern styles such as Tae Soo Do and Hwa Rang Do, which take a sizeable presence in the US and Europe, are about unknown in Korea, as the founders relocated to the US and focused on operations in the Us. Gungdo participation is limited by the high cost of the equipment, with a traditional horn made reflex bow costing upwards of $1000, and nearly Gungdo clubs in Seoul charging over $1000 awarding fee for membership, similar to golf clubs. This limits participation to the upper and upper heart grade. Many Korean junior loftier schools, high schools, and colleges maintain martial arts teams to include ssireum, kumdo (kendo), judo and Tae Kwon Do. Yong In University for instance, focuses on martial arts training for international competitions.^[7]

It should also be considered that Korean martial arts are still in a state of evolution equally witnessed past recently emerging arts such equally Teuk Gong Moo Sool and Yongmoodo.^{[note 1]} There is now also the development of Korean arts influenced by Western battle, Muay Thai or Judo, these would include Gongkwon Yusul and Kyuk Too Ki.^{[annotation 2]}

Types of Korean martial arts [edit]

Taekwondo [edit]

Taekwondo (태권도; 跆拳道) is the national sport of both Koreas and the most recognized of the Korean martial arts. It is practiced all over the world by over seventy meg people. Taekwondo is a martial art which can be used for self-defense force as well as a sport. Taekwondo has paw, kick/leg techniques, blocks, throws, takedowns, and in some dojangs, grappling, though the latter three are skillful for self-defense purposes and their employ is forbidden in competition. Some dojangs may also include weapon techniques, well-nigh notably a staff. Taekwondo is best known for its diversity of kicking techniques. Yet, it encompasses but as many hand techniques, throws, blocks, and takedowns as its kicks. As a sport, it is an outcome in most major, multi-sports games, including the Olympic Games and the Earth Academy Games.

Taekkyon/Taekkyeon [edit]

Too romanized informally as Taekgyeon, Taekkyeon, or Taekyun. Currently acknowledged as i of the oldest martial arts of Korea.^[eight] Taekkyon is concerned with applying both the hands and feet at the same time to unbalance, trip, or throw the opponent. Easily and anxiety are ever used together.

Taekkyon has many whole-body techniques with fully integrated armwork. Although Taekkyon primarily utilizes boot, punching, and arm strikes thrown from a mobile stance and does not provide a framework for groundfighting, it does incorporate a variety of different throws, takedowns, and grappling techniques to complement its striking focus.

The survivance of Vocal Deok-gi, the last Taekkyon Chief of the Joseon dynasty secured the transmission of the art:^[nine] Taekkyon joined the list of Important Intangible Cultural Backdrop of Korea No. 76" on June 1, 1983. It is i of 2 Korean martial art which possesses such a classification. In November 2011 Taekkyon was recognized on the UNESCO'south Intangible World Heritage Art list,^[10] condign the first martial fine art recognized past UNESCO.

Subak [edit]

Subak^[11] is an ancient martial art originally from Cathay. A long time ago it branched off into Korea. Information technology no longer exists in China as its lineage has died off. Yet it still exists in Korea practiced by a dwindling few.

Within Korea each region had their own style of Subak. Subak styles from region to region differed slightly.

Only two Subak styles remain today. One is taught as purely every bit Subak. And the other Subak style has been captivated into mod Taekkyon by Main Shin Han Song.

When Master Shin Han Vocal tried to resurrect Taekkyon after the Korean war, he sought educational activity from the Taekkyon master Vocal Doki, & instruction from the Subak main Il Dong. Shin Han Song then combined Taekkyon & Subak together.

Subak is of ancient origins and is different from Soo Bahk Practise, which is a modern martial fine art using the same name (aforementioned pronunciation yet dissimilar spelling).

Tang Soo Do/Soo Bahk Do [edit]

Tang Soo Exercise is a striking martial art, which was developed during the 20th century, notwithstanding information technology has its roots in aboriginal Korean martial arts, every bit well every bit martial arts from other nations. Although the name "Tang Soo Do" had been used earlier past the likes of Primary Wong Kuk Lee, it is Hwang Kee who is usually credited equally the creator of what is today known every bit Tang Soo Do, or Moo Duk Kwan Tang Soo Do, the schoolhouse from which all others come from. Equally a child, Hwang Kee witnessed a homo defend himself from several assailants using kicking techniques. (He was about likely using Taekkyon.) He followed this man home and watched him train from a distance. When asked, the human being refused to teach Hwang Kee, but he began to lookout man the human, mimicking his movements, eventually developing such power that he was considered a main. He also seems to have studied Karate briefly, equally recollected by Wong Kuk Lee. In his travels, he besides studied Yang style Tai Chi Chuan and a Northern style of Kung Fu, especially the Tang Tui practise, under a Chinese Kung Fu master named Yang. Combining his knowledge of various martial arts, he sought to teach his art as Hwa Soo Do, the Fashion of the Flowering Mitt, simply it proved unpopular. He then decided to rename his art Tang Soo Practice, the Mode of the Chinese Manus, in order to link it to the more popular practise of Karate at the time, and put together a Hyung (forms) curriculum based on the Karate kata found in Shotokan Karate, equally described by Gichin Funakoshi in 1 of his books. This particular way, Tang Soo Practise, differentiated itself from Karate due to its emphasis on kick, a vestige of the onetime Taekkyon arts.

After the Japanese occupation ended, Koreans sought to create a new national martial fine art/sport that had no link to the Japanese. To this end they decided to change the name of their art from Tang Soo Do and others to Taekwondo. Hwang Kee, still, did not desire to modify his art into a more generic form and rebelled against the change, something that brought him legal complications that caused him to move his family to the U.s., where Tang Soo Do would continue to thrive. Later on, Hwang Kee was exposed to the ancient certificate Muyedobotongji, which depicted descriptions of ancient Korean martial arts such as Subak. Drawing inspiration from this document, and using his cross-training in Chinese Gung Fu, Okinawan Karate and Korean martial arts, he created the Chil Sung hyungs, a series of vii hyungs and the Yuk Ro hyungs, a series of half-dozen hyungs, which brought back some of the combat elements of the ancient Subak art contained in the Muyedobotongji. Years later, Tang Soo Exercise would alter its name to Soo Bahk Practice (Way of the Striking Hand), however, both names are nonetheless in use by diverse associations and represent essentially the aforementioned martial art.

Tang Soo Do sets itself apart from other arts by identifying as a traditional martial art solely interested in self-defense, eschewing sport-orientation. It consists mostly of striking techniques focused towards self-defense, but also features several stand up-up grappling and joint-manipulation techniques in its ho sin sul (self defence force) and il sook si dae ryun (ane-pace sparring) curriculums. Tang Soo Practice has had a sizable touch on the martial arts globe, every bit the first example of Korean martial arts seen in the W, where people similar Chuck Norris introduced and popularized its most characteristic techniques, such as the spinning dorsum kick, spinning hook kicking and spinning dorsum fist. Curtis Bush, Dennis Alexio and Hector Peña accept all used Tang Soo Do to become kickboxing and total contact world champions, and martial arts activeness stars the likes of Chuck Norris, Cynthia Rothrock and Hwang Jang Lee have popularized the art in motion-picture show, tv set and, through homages, in video games as well.

Hapkido arts [edit]

Though diverse forms of grappling accept been known in Korea for generations, Hapkido is essentially a 20th-century development, based on Japanese Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu but incorporating Korean hit techniques. The foundation for Hapkido was established by Choi Yong Sul. Returning from Nihon in 1946, Choi began pedagogy material reportedly taught to Choi by Sokaku Takeda. Choi called his style Yawara [柔], but modified the proper noun to Hapki Yusul [合氣 柔術] and afterward to Hapki Yukwonsul [合氣 柔拳術] to distinguish it from Japanese aiki-jujutsu, which was written in the same characters, and from which much of the early on hapkido techniques were derived. Choi's practices were afterwards renamed to Hapkido [合氣道] and students of Choi Yong Sul, such as Ji Han Jae, the late Myung Kwang-sik, the tardily Han Bong-soo and others helped to spread this art both within and outside Korea. Since the hanja are identical to those of Aikido, Japanese Aikido and Korean Hapkido are ofttimes confused and stylistic similarities practise crusade these dissever arts to estimate each other in some ways. In like manner, some variants of Hapkido such as Kuk Sool Won, Hwa Rang Practice and Hankido have adopted a range of Chinese practices and execution. Along with Taekwondo, Hapkido has helped to establish modern Korean martial arts by providing systemization and incorporating into other styles. This process complemented the other modern Korean martial art, Taekwondo.

Hanmudo [edit]

Hanmudo (한무도) is a Korean martial art.^[12] At the end of the Joseon Dynasty, it was handed down from Girimsa Temple in Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and the name 韓 武 道 was named after the Ogi-beop, which Bae Seong-jeon inherited from Girimsa during his mathematics. It was not widely distributed due to the times, but it was passed on to household appliances, and it was adult into a modern grooming arrangement for the general public to easily do past Bae Byung-ho, the fourth generation of the Kisan instructor in the 1980s. The training population is concentrated mainly in Busan, Gyeongnam, Gyeongbuk, and Ulsan, and there is a Hanmu Jongga in Hapcheon, Gyeongsangnam-do. Mr. Gisan'due south 4 generations are six generations, and Hanmudo is passed on to the full general public.

Gungdo [edit]

Korean Equus caballus Back Archery in fifth-century

The reflex bow had been the most important weapon in Korean wars with Chinese dynasties and nomadic peoples, recorded from the 1st century BCE.^[13] Fable says the showtime king and founder of the Goguryeo, Go Jumong, was a master of archery, able to catch 5 flies with one pointer. Park Hyeokgeose, the first king of the Silla, was besides said to exist a skilled archer. Rumors of archers in Goguryeo and Silla presumably reached China; the aboriginal Chinese gave the people of the north east, Siberia, Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula, the proper name of Dongyi (東夷), the latter grapheme (夷) beingness a combination of the ii characters for "big" (大) and "bow" (弓).

Nonetheless, the word 夷 was beginning used in Chinese history referring to the people South of Yellow River over v,000 years ago. Afterwards, when Yi 夷 people joined the tribes of Hua Xia [華夏] Chinese, 夷 meant outsiders. By that time, DongYi refers to Korean, as in Outsiders from the Eastward

With the Mongol Conquest of Korea, archery became the main stay of Korean military. The swords and spears of the Korean and Chinese armies did very little to finish Mongol archers and were quickly discarded in favor of the composite bow, which proved to be a much more effective weapon confronting the Mongols. Yi Seonggye, the founding king of Joseon was known to have been a master archer. In a boxing against Japanese pirates, Yi Seonggye, assisted by Yi Bangsil, killed the young samurai commander "Agibaldo" with two successive arrows, one arrow unhelmeting the warrior, with the second arrow entering his mouth. In his letter to Full general Choi Young, Yi Seonggye lists as one of five reasons not to invade Ming Dynasty every bit during the monsoon flavor, mucilage belongings together the composite bow weakens, reducing the effectiveness of the bow.

Founding of Joseon dynasty saw the memory of the composite bow as the main stay of the Joseon military machine. Archery was the main martial event tested during the military portion of the national service exam held annually from 1392 to 1894. Nether Joseon, archery reached its zenith, resulting in the invention of pyeonjeon, which saw slap-up service against the Japanese in 1592 and against the Manchus in the early 1600s.

Master Heon Kim using a modern Korean blended bow.

Until the Imjin wars, archery was the main long-range weapon organization. During that state of war, the tactical superiority of the matchlock arquebus became apparent, despite its slow charge per unit of burn and susceptibility to moisture weather.^[14] However, it was the Korean composite bow, referred to as the "half bow" by the Japanese, that halted the Japanese at the Battle of Haengju as well as at the Battle of Ulsan. Although Joseon adopted the arquebus during the Imjin War, the blended bow remained the main stay of its Ground forces until the reforms of 1894. Under King Hyojong'due south military reforms, an attempt hosinsoolˌ'護身術' was made to revive horse archery as a significant element of the war machine. It was too practiced for pleasance and for health, and many young males and a some many females - including the king - would spend their gratis fourth dimension practicing it.

Korean swordsmanship [edit]

Korean spears [edit]

Education methods [edit]

The traditional Taekkyon system has no fixed curriculum. Every educatee is treated individually and thus the lesson is ever unlike, although all of the basic skills are eventually covered. The bones skills are taught in temporary patterns, that evolve as the pupil learns. Bones skills are expounded on and variations of each single skill are then practised, in multiple new combinations. When the pupil has learned all the variations of the basic movements & techniques, and can intermix all of them proficiently, they're encouraged to perform the Taekkyon Trip the light fantastic. Taekkyon is a Ten-year technique.

Modern Korean martial arts' systemization and presentation are very similar to their Japanese counterparts (i.e., barefoot, with uniforms, classes executing techniques simultaneously by following the teacher's commands, and sometimes, showing respect by bowing to a portrait of the founder and/or to national flags). Many modern Korean martial arts as well make use of colored belts to denote rank, tests to increase in rank, and the use of Korean titles when cogent the instructor denoting Japanese colonial influence.^[fifteen] These include:

• Kyosanim: teacher.
• Sabomnim (사범님 / 師範님): Master instructor in some styles/systems but non all, due east.yard., taekwondo and hapkido.
• Kwanjangnim (관장님 / 館長님): training hall owner/ kwan leader or chief instructor in many, eastward.g., taekwondo and hapkido.
• Dojunim (도주님 / 道主님): keeper of the way. It is, typically, used to imply a founder of a fashion or organisation as in Ji Han-Jae Dojunim of S(h)in Moo Hapkido.

NOTE: remove the word "nim" for the actual titles as "nim" is an honorific meaning "sir" or its equivalent.

These Korean terms are based on Confucian rank systems (with the aforementioned Chinese characters). Many schools too make use of Korean terminology and numbers during practice, fifty-fifty if located outside [Southward] Korea.

Terminology [edit]

Korean martial arts are commonly practiced in a dojang (도장), which may besides be referred to as cheyukkwan (체육관 / 體育館, i.due east., gymnasium). The practitioners wear a compatible or tobok (도복) with a belt or tti (띠) wrapped around it. This chugalug usually shows which grade the practitioner has attained. A student usually starts with a white chugalug and moves through a range of coloured belts (which differ from style to style) before reaching the black belt. The grades before black belt are referred to as geup or kup (급), while the black belt ranks are referred to as dan (단). In some cases, students less than 16 years onetime are not given dan grades, but rather "pum" or poom (품) or "junior black belt" grades. Some styles use stripes on the black belt to show which dan the practitioner holds. It is common for a system to have 9 geup grades and nine dan grades. While it might only accept a few months to go from one geup to the adjacent, information technology tin have years to become from i dan to the next. Virtually of the above terms are identical to those used in Japanese styles such equally judo and karate, but with the Chinese characters read in Korean pronunciation, with a few exceptions. (Tobok, which originally meant a Taoist priest's garb, can be written with Chinese character but is a purely Korean expression, used equally an culling to the Japanese 'gi'. Tti is a purely Korean word with no Chinese character.)

In some styles, similar taekgyeon, the hanbok is worn instead of a tobok. The 5-cervix of many styles of taekwondo uniform was supposedly fashioned after the hanbok, but may simply be a modification for a pullover top to arrange the modesty of female practitioners (standard jacket construction oft requires females to wear a T-shirt, leotard, or sport bra underneath the jacket, whereas the pullover five-cervix jacket does not).

See likewise [edit]

• Taekkyon
• Gungdo
• Yongmudo
• Bulmudo

Footnotes [edit]

1. ^ Too known as Yongmudo
2. ^ Also known every bit Kyeok Too Ki, Kun Gek Exercise, Gyeok Tu Gi, Gweon Gyeok Do or Gwon-gyokdo

References [edit]

1. ^ "UNESCO Culture Sector - Intangible Heritage - 2003 Convention". Unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-02-19 .
2. ^ Draeger, Donn F. (1981). Comprehensive Asian Fighting Arts, pg 155. Kodansha International.
3. ^ 亞洲文化. Vol. 3. Asian Cultural Center. 1975. p. thirty.
4. ^ "수박" (in Korean). Doopedia. Retrieved 2020-11-17 .
5. ^ "Manchu Archery Homepage". Manuarchery.org . Retrieved 2017-06-16 .
6. ^ Kim, Wee-hyun. "Muyedobo T'ongji: Illustrated Survey of the Martial arts." Korea Periodical 26:8 (August 1986): 42-54
7. ^ "Department of taekwondo". Archived from the original on 2014-03-30. Retrieved 2012-02-20 .
8. ^ "Taekkyon is believed to exist i of the earliest forms of Korean martial arts". ^{[ unreliable source? ]}
9. ^ "Fortunately Song Deok-ki (1893-1987) preserved the fine art and handed it downward to mod day Koreans".
10. ^ "Inscribed in 2011 (6.COM) on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity".
11. ^ "Globe Martial Arts Styles".
12. ^ "고수를 찾아서 <seven> 한무종가 배병호 종사" (in Korean). 국제신문. 2007-06-07. Retrieved 2020-09-eleven .
13. ^ Duvernay, Thomas. "Korean Traditional Archery". www.atarn.org.
14. ^ Korean Traditional Archery. Duvernay TA, Duvernay NY. Handong Global University, 2007
15. ^ O'Neill, Simon John (2013). Taegeuk Cipher: The Patterns of Kukki Taekwondo as a Applied Self-Defense force Syllabus. Place of publication not identified: Lulu.com. ISBN978-1-4475-3501-0. OCLC 1100690060.

Farther reading [edit]

• Adrogué, M. (2003). "Ancient military manuals and their relation to modernistic Korean martial arts". Journal of Asian Martial Arts. 12: 4.
• Della Pia, J. (1994). "Korea'southward Mu Yei Do Bo Tong Ji". Journal of Asian Martial Arts. iii: 2.
• Henning, Southward. (2000). "Traditional Korean martial arts". Periodical of Asian Martial Arts. 9: 1.
• Kim, South. H. (2001): Muye Dobo Tongji. Turtle Press.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_martial_arts

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