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What Did Friedrich Engels Claim About Families and Social Inequality?

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German political philosopher and revolutionary socialist (1820–1895)

Friedrich Engels
Friedrich Engels portrait (cropped).jpg

Friedrich Engels in Brighton by William Hall, 1879
Born 28 November 1820

Barmen, Jülich-Cleves-Berg, Kingdom of Prussia
Died 5 August 1895(1895-08-05) (aged 74)

London, England
Nationality German
Political party Communist Correspondence Committee (until 1847)
Communist League
(1847–1852)
International Workingmen's Clan (1864–1872)
Philosophy career
Instruction Gymnasium zu Elberfeld
(withdrew)[1]
University of Berlin
(no degree)[1]

Notable work

 The Condition of the Working Class in England, Anti-Dühring, Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, The German Ideology
Era 19th-century philosophy
Region Western philosophy
Schoolhouse Continental philosophy
Marxism

Main interests

 Political philosophy, political economy, course struggle, criticism of capitalism

Notable ideas

 Alienation and exploitation of the worker, dialectical materialism, historical materialism, false consciousness

Influences

  • Hegel, Feuerbach, Stirner, Smith, Ricardo, Marx, Rousseau, Goethe, Fourier, Hess, Morgan, Heraclitus

Influenced

  • List of Marxists
Signature
Friedrich Engels Signature.svg

Friedrich Engels ( ENG-(k)əlz,[2] [3] [4] German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈʔɛŋl̩s]), sometimes anglicised as Frederick Engels (28 November 1820 – five August 1895), was a German philosopher, critic of political economy, historian, political theorist and revolutionary socialist. He was also a man of affairs, announcer and political activist, whose father was an possessor of large textile factories in Salford (Lancashire, England) and Barmen, Prussia (now Wuppertal, Germany).[five] [6] [7]

Engels developed what is at present known as Marxism together with Karl Marx. In 1845, he published The Condition of the Working Class in England, based on personal observations and inquiry in English cities. In 1848, Engels co-authored The Communist Manifesto with Marx and too authored and co-authored (primarily with Marx) many other works. Later, Engels supported Marx financially, allowing him to do research and write Das Kapital. After Marx's death, Engels edited the second and third volumes of Das Kapital. Additionally, Engels organised Marx's notes on the Theories of Surplus Value which were later published as the "4th book" of Das Kapital.[8] [9] In 1884, he published The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State on the ground of Marx'southward ethnographic research.

On 5 August 1895, aged 74, Engels died of laryngeal cancer in London. Post-obit cremation, his ashes were scattered off Beachy Head, near Eastbourne.

Biography

Early life

The Engels family house at Barmen (now in Wuppertal), Germany

Friedrich Engels was born on 28 November 1820 in Barmen, Jülich-Cleves-Berg, Prussia (now Wuppertal, Germany), as eldest son of Friedrich Engels Sr. (1796–1860) and of Elisabeth "Elise" Franziska Mauritia von Haar (1797–1873).[x] The wealthy Engels family owned large cotton-cloth mills in Barmen and Salford, both expanding industrial metropoles. Friedrich's parents were devout Pietist Protestants[5] and they raised their children accordingly.

At the historic period of 13, Engels attended grammar school (Gymnasium) in the adjacent city of Elberfeld but had to leave at 17, due to force per unit area from his father, who wanted him to become a businessman and start work as a mercantile apprentice in the family firm.[11] After a yr in Barmen, the young Engels was in 1838 sent by his father to undertake an apprenticeship at a trading business firm in Bremen.[12] [thirteen] His parents expected that he would follow his father into a career in the family business. Their son's revolutionary activities disappointed them. It would exist some years earlier he joined the family firm.

Whilst at Bremen, Engels began reading the philosophy of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, whose teachings dominated German philosophy at that time. In September 1838 he published his first work, a poem entitled "The Bedouin", in the Bremisches Conversationsblatt No. 40. He too engaged in other literary piece of work and began writing newspaper articles critiquing the societal ills of industrialisation.[14] [xv] He wrote under the pseudonym "Friedrich Oswald" to avoid connecting his family with his provocative writings.

In 1841, Engels performed his military service in the Prussian Army as a member of the Household Artillery (High german: Garde-Artillerie-Brigade). Assigned to Berlin, he attended university lectures at the University of Berlin and began to acquaintance with groups of Immature Hegelians. He anonymously published articles in the Rheinische Zeitung, exposing the poor employment- and living-weather condition endured past mill workers.[13] The editor of the Rheinische Zeitung was Karl Marx, but Engels would not meet Marx until late November 1842.[16] Engels acknowledged the influence of German philosophy on his intellectual evolution throughout his career.[12] In 1840, he likewise wrote: "To get the most out of life you must exist agile, you lot must live and you must have the courage to taste the thrill of being young."[17]

Engels developed atheistic behavior and his relationship with his parents became strained.[18]

Manchester and Salford

In 1842, his parents sent the 22-year-old Engels to Manchester, England, a manufacturing center where industrialisation was on the rise. He was to work in Weaste, Salford,[19] in the offices of Ermen and Engels'south Victoria Manufactory, which made sewing threads.[twenty] [21] [22] Engels'due south father thought that working at the Manchester firm might brand his son reconsider some of his radical opinions.[12] [21] On his mode to Manchester, Engels visited the office of the Rheinische Zeitung in Cologne and met Karl Marx for the commencement time. Initially they were not impressed with each other.[23] Marx mistakenly idea that Engels was nevertheless associated with the Berliner Young Hegelians, with whom Marx had merely broken off ties.[24]

In Manchester, Engels met Mary Burns, a fierce young Irish woman with radical opinions who worked in the Engels manufactory.[25] [26] They began a human relationship that lasted xx years until her decease in 1863.[27] [28] The two never married, every bit both were confronting the institution of marriage. While Engels regarded stable monogamy as a virtue, he considered the current state and church-regulated marriage as a form of class oppression.[29] [thirty] Burns guided Engels through Manchester and Salford, showing him the worst districts for his research.

While in Manchester betwixt October and November 1843, Engels wrote his first critique of political economy, entitled "Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy".[31] Engels sent the article to Paris, where Marx published information technology in the Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher in 1844.[20]

While observing the slums of Manchester in close detail, Engels took notes of its horrors, notably child labour, the despoiled environment, and overworked and impoverished labourers.[32] He sent a trilogy of articles to Marx. These were published in the Rheinische Zeitung and then in the Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher, chronicling the conditions amid the working form in Manchester. He later on collected these articles for his influential first book, The Condition of the Working Form in England (1845).[33] Written between September 1844 and March 1845, the volume was published in German language in 1845. In the volume, Engels described the "grim futurity of commercialism and the industrial historic period",[32] noting the details of the squalor in which the working people lived.[34] The book was published in English in 1887. Archival resource contemporary to Engels's stay in Manchester shed light on some of the conditions he describes, including a manuscript (MMM/ten/1) held by special collections at the University of Manchester. This recounts cases seen in the Manchester Royal Hospital, where industrial accidents dominated and which resonate with Engels'southward comments on the disfigured persons seen walking circular Manchester as a event of such accidents.

Engels continued his involvement with radical journalism and politics. He frequented areas popular among members of the English labour and Chartist movements, whom he met. He also wrote for several journals, including The Northern Star, Robert Owen's New Moral Earth, and the Democratic Review newspaper.[27] [35] [36]

Paris

An early photograph of Engels, thought to show him aged 20–25 (c. 1840–45)[5][37][38][39]

An early photo of Engels, thought to show him aged 20–25 (c. 1840–45)[five] [37] [38] [39]

Engels decided to render to Deutschland in 1844. On the way, he stopped in Paris to encounter Karl Marx, with whom he had an earlier correspondence. Marx had been living in Paris since late October 1843, after the Rheinische Zeitung was banned in March 1843 by Prussian governmental regime.[twoscore] Prior to meeting Marx, Engels had get established as a fully developed materialist and scientific socialist, independent of Marx'southward philosophical evolution.[41]

In Paris, Marx was publishing the Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher. Engels met Marx for a 2nd time at the Café de la Régence on the Identify du Palais, 28 August 1844. The two speedily became close friends and remained and then their entire lives. Marx had read and was impressed by Engels'due south manufactures on The Condition of the Working Class in England in which he had written that "[a] class which bears all the disadvantages of the social order without enjoying its advantages, [...] Who can demand that such a class respect this social order?"[42] Marx adopted Engels's thought that the working class would lead the revolution against the bourgeoisie equally society advanced toward socialism, and incorporated this as part of his own philosophy.[43]

Engels stayed in Paris to help Marx write The Holy Family.[44] It was an attack on the Young Hegelians and the Bauer brothers, and was published in late February 1845. Engels's earliest contribution to Marx's work was writing for the Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher, edited by both Marx and Arnold Ruge, in Paris in 1844. During this fourth dimension in Paris, both Marx and Engels began their clan with then joined the secret revolutionary society called the League of the Just.[45] The League of the Just had been formed in 1837 in France to promote an egalitarian society through the overthrow of the existing governments. In 1839, the League of the Simply participated in the 1839 rebellion fomented past the French utopian revolutionary socialist, Louis Auguste Blanqui. However, as Ruge remained a Immature Hegelian in his belief, Marx and Ruge shortly split and Ruge left the Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher.[46] Nonetheless, post-obit the divide, Marx remained friendly enough with Ruge that he sent Ruge a warning on 15 January 1845 that the Paris police were going to execute orders against him, Marx and others at the Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher requiring all to exit Paris inside 24 hours.[47] Marx himself was expelled from Paris by French government on 3 February 1845 and settled in Brussels with his wife and one daughter.[48] Having left Paris on 6 September 1844, Engels returned to his home in Barmen, Germany, to piece of work on his The Status of the Working Course in England, which was published in late May 1845.[49] Fifty-fifty earlier the publication of his book, Engels moved to Brussels in late April 1845, to interact with Marx on some other volume, German language Ideology.[50] While living in Barmen, Engels began making contact with Socialists in the Rhineland to raise money for Marx'southward publication efforts in Brussels.[51] However, these contacts became more important equally both Marx and Engels began political organizing for the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Frg.

Brussels

La Maison du Cygne (the Swan Tavern), Brussels, where The Communist Manifesto was written[52]

The nation of Kingdom of belgium, founded in 1830, was endowed with one of the near liberal constitutions in Europe and functioned equally refuge for progressives from other countries. From 1845 to 1848, Engels and Marx lived in Brussels, spending much of their fourth dimension organising the urban center's German workers. Shortly after their arrival, they contacted and joined the underground German Communist League. The Communist League was the successor arrangement to the sometime League of the But which had been founded in 1837, simply had recently disbanded.[53] Influenced by Wilhelm Weitling, the Communist League was an international society of proletarian revolutionaries with branches in various European cities.[54]

The Communist League also had contacts with the underground conspiratorial organisation of Louis Auguste Blanqui. Many of Marx's and Engels's current friends became members of the Communist League. Erstwhile friends like Georg Friedrich Herwegh, who had worked with Marx on the Rheinsche Zeitung, Heinrich Heine, the famous poet, a immature physician by the proper noun of Roland Daniels, Heinrich Bürgers and Baronial Herman Ewerbeck all maintained their contacts with Marx and Engels in Brussels. Georg Weerth, who had become a friend of Engels in England in 1843, now settled in Brussels. Carl Wallau and Stephen Born (real proper name Simon Buttermilch) were both German immigrant typesetters who settled in Brussels to help Marx and Engels with their Communist League work. Marx and Engels made many new important contacts through the Communist League. One of the beginning was Wilhelm Wolff, who was soon to get i of Marx'south and Engels'due south closest collaborators. Others were Joseph Weydemeyer and Ferdinand Freiligrath, a famous revolutionary poet. While about of the associates of Marx and Engels were German immigrants living in Brussels, some of their new associates were Belgians. Phillipe Gigot, a Belgian philosopher and Victor Tedesco, a lawyer from Liège, both joined the Communist League. Joachim Lelewel a prominent Polish historian and participant in the Smoothen uprising of 1830–1831 was also a frequent associate.[55] [56]

The Communist League commissioned Marx and Engels to write a pamphlet explaining the principles of communism. This became the Manifesto of the Communist Party, meliorate known every bit The Communist Manifesto.[57] It was kickoff published on 21 February 1848 and ends with the world-famous phrase: "Allow the ruling classes tremble at a Communistic revolution. The proletariat have nothing to lose merely their chains. They have a globe to win. Working Men of All Countries, Unite!"[12]

Engels'south mother wrote in a letter to him of her concerns, commenting that he had "actually gone too far" and "begged" him "to go on no further".[58] She further stated:

You have paid more heed to other people, to strangers, and have taken no account of your mother's pleas. God solitary knows what I have felt and suffered of late. I was trembling when I picked upward the newspaper and saw therein that a warrant was out for my son'due south arrest.[58]

Return to Prussia

There was a revolution in France in 1848 that soon spread to other Western European countries. These events caused Engels and Marx to return to their homeland of the Kingdom of Prussia, specifically to the city of Cologne. While living in Cologne, they created and served every bit editors for a new daily paper chosen the Neue Rheinische Zeitung.[twenty] Also Marx and Engels, other frequent contributors to the Neue Rheinische Zeitung included Karl Schapper, Wilhelm Wolff, Ernst Dronke, Peter Nothjung, Heinrich Bürgers, Ferdinand Wolf and Carl Cramer.[59] Friedrich Engels'due south female parent, herself, gives unwitting witness to the effect of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung on the revolutionary uprising in Cologne in 1848. Criticising his involvement in the uprising she states in a 5 December 1848 letter of the alphabet to Friedrich that "nobody, ourselves included, doubted that the meetings at which yous and your friends spoke, and likewise the linguistic communication of (Neue) Rh.Z. were largely the cause of these disturbances."[60]

Engels's parents hoped that young Engels would "decide to turn to activities other than those which you have been pursuing in contempo years and which have caused so much distress".[sixty] At this point, his parents felt the only hope for their son was to emigrate to America and outset his life over. They told him that he should practise this or he would "cease to receive money from united states of america".[threescore] However, the trouble in the relationship between Engels and his parents was worked out without Engels having to exit England or being cutting off from financial assistance from his parents. In July 1851, Engels's begetter arrived to visit him in Manchester, England. During the visit, his father arranged for Engels to meet Peter Ermen of the part of Ermen & Engels, to move to Liverpool and to accept over sole management of the office in Manchester.[61]

In 1849, Engels travelled to the Kingdom of Bavaria for the Baden and Palatinate revolutionary uprising, an even more than unsafe interest. Starting with an commodity called "The Magyar Struggle", written on 8 January 1849, Engels, himself, began a series of reports on the Revolution and State of war for Independence of the newly founded Hungarian Republic.[62] Engels's articles on the Hungarian Republic became a regular feature in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung nether the heading "From the Theatre of War".[63] However, the newspaper was suppressed during the June 1849 Prussian coup d'état. After the coup, Marx lost his Prussian citizenship, was deported and fled to Paris and so London. Engels stayed in Prussia and took part in an armed uprising in South Deutschland every bit an aide-de-camp in the volunteer corps of August Willich.[64] [65] [66] Engels also brought two cases of rifle cartridges with him when he went to join the uprising in Elberfeld on 10 May 1849.[67] Later when Prussian troops came to Kaiserslautern to suppress an insurgence there, Engels joined a grouping of volunteers under the control of August Willich, who were going to fight the Prussian troops.[68] When the uprising was crushed, Engels was one of the terminal members of Willich's volunteers to escape by crossing the Swiss border. Marx and others became concerned for Engels's life until they finally heard from him.[69]

Engels travelled through Switzerland as a refugee and somewhen made it to safety in England.[12] On vi June 1849 Prussian authorities issued an arrest warrant for Engels which contained a physical clarification equally "top: v feet vi inches; pilus: blond; forehead: smooth; eyebrows: blond; eyes: blue; nose and mouth: well proportioned; beard: reddish; chin: oval; face: oval; complexion: good for you; effigy: slender. Special characteristics: speaks very speedily and is short-sighted".[seventy] As to his "short-sightedness", Engels admitted as much in a alphabetic character written to Joseph Weydemeyer on 19 June 1851 in which he says he was not worried well-nigh being selected for the Prussian military because of "my heart trouble, equally I accept at present institute out once and for all which renders me completely unfit for agile service of any sort".[71] Once he was condom in Switzerland, Engels began to write downward all his memories of the recent armed services campaign against the Prussians. This writing somewhen became the article published under the proper noun "The Campaign for the High german Majestic Constitution".[72]

Back in United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland

Engels's house in Primrose Hill, London

To assist Marx with Neue Rheinische Zeitung Politisch-ökonomische Revue, the new publishing effort in London, Engels sought ways to escape the continent and travel to London. On 5 October 1849, Engels arrived in the Italian port city of Genoa.[73] There, Engels booked passage on the English schooner, Cornish Diamond under the command of a Helm Stevens.[74] The voyage across the western Mediterranean, around the Iberian Peninsula by sailing schooner took about five weeks. Finally, the Cornish Diamond sailed up the River Thames to London on 10 November 1849 with Engels on lath.[75]

Upon his return to Great britain, Engels re-entered the Manchester company in which his father held shares to support Marx financially as he worked on Das Kapital.[76] [77] Dissimilar his get-go menstruum in England (1843), Engels was at present under constabulary surveillance. He had "official" homes and "unofficial homes" all over Salford, Weaste and other inner-city Manchester districts where he lived with Mary Burns under fake names to confuse the police.[34] Petty more is known, as Engels destroyed over one,500 letters between himself and Marx afterward the latter's decease so every bit to conceal the details of their secretive lifestyle.[34]

Despite his work at the mill, Engels found time to write a book on Martin Luther, the Protestant Reformation and the 1525 revolutionary state of war of the peasants, entitled The Peasant War in Germany.[78] He as well wrote a number of newspaper articles including "The Entrada for the High german Purple Constitution" which he finished in Feb 1850[79] and "On the Slogan of the Abolitionism of the Land and the German 'Friends of Chaos'" written in October 1850.[80] In April 1851, he wrote the pamphlet "Conditions and Prospects of a War of the Holy Alliance against France".[81]

Marx and Engels denounced Louis Bonaparte when he carried out a insurrection confronting the French government and made himself president for life on ii December 1851. In condemning this action, Engels wrote to Marx on three December 1851, characterising the insurrection every bit "comical"[82] and referred to it as occurring on "the 18th Brumaire", the appointment of Napoleon I's coup of 1799 according to the French Republican Agenda.[83] Marx was later to comprise this comically ironic characterisation of Louis Bonaparte's coup into his essay nigh the insurrection. Indeed, Marx even called the essay The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte again using Engels's suggested characterisation.[84] Marx likewise borrowed Engels characterisation of Hegel'southward notion of the World Spirit that history occurred twice, "one time equally a tragedy and secondly as a farce" in the offset paragraph of his new essay.[85]

Meanwhile, Engels started working at the mill owned by his father in Manchester as an office clerk, the aforementioned position he held in his teens while in Germany where his father's company was based. Engels worked his way up to get a partner of the firm in 1864.[ citation needed ] Five years later, Engels retired from the business and could focus more on his studies.[20] At this time, Marx was living in London but they were able to exchange ideas through daily correspondence. One of the ideas that Engels and Marx contemplated was the possibility and character of a potential revolution in the Russias. Equally early every bit April 1853, Engels and Marx predictable an "aristocratic-conservative revolution in Russia which would begin in "St. Petersburg with a resulting civil war in the interior".[86] The model for this type of aloof-bourgeois revolution in Russian federation against the autocratic Tsarist government in favour of a ramble government had been provided by the Decembrist Defection of 1825.[87]

Although an unsuccessful defection against the Tsarist regime in favour of a constitutional government, both Engels and Marx anticipated a bourgeois revolution in Russia would occur which would bring nearly a bourgeois phase in Russian development to precede a communist stage. By 1881, both Marx and Engels began to contemplate a class of development in Russian federation that would lead direct to the communist phase without the intervening bourgeois phase. This analysis was based on what Marx and Engels saw as the exceptional characteristics of the Russian hamlet commune or obshchina.[88] While dubiety was cast on this theory past Georgi Plekhanov, Plekhanov's reasoning was based on the first edition of Das Kapital (1867) which predated Marx'due south interest in Russian peasant communes by two years. Subsequently editions of the text demonstrate Marx'due south sympathy for the argument of Nikolay Chernyshevsky, that it should be possible to plant socialism in Russia without an intermediary bourgeois stage provided that the peasant commune were used every bit the ground for the transition.[89]

In 1870, Engels moved to London where he and Marx lived until Marx's death in 1883.[12] Engels's London abode from 1870 to 1894 was at 122 Regent'south Park Road.[90] In Oct 1894 he moved to 41 Regent's Park Route, Primrose Colina, NW1, where he died the following yr.[ citation needed ]

Marx's first London residence was a cramped apartment at 28 Dean Street, Soho. From 1856, he lived at 9 Grafton Terrace, Kentish Town, and then in a tenement at 41 Maitland Park Road in Belsize Park from 1875 until his decease in March 1883.[91]

Mary Burns suddenly died of a heart disease in 1863, after which Engels became close with her younger sister Lydia ("Lizzie"). They lived openly as a couple in London and married on xi September 1878, hours before Lizzie's death.[92] [93]

Later years

Later in their life, both Marx and Engels came to argue that in some countries workers might be able to achieve their aims through peaceful means.[94] In following this, Engels argued that socialists were evolutionists, although they remained committed to social revolution.[95] Similarly, Tristram Hunt argues that Engels was sceptical of "pinnacle-down revolutions" and later in life advocated "a peaceful, democratic road to socialism".[32] Engels also wrote in his introduction to the 1891 edition of Marx's The Class Struggles in France that "[r]ebellion in the former style, street fighting with barricades, which decided the effect everywhere upward to 1848, was to a considerable extent obsolete",[96] [97] although some such as David W. Lowell empashised their cautionary and tactical meaning, arguing that "Engels questions but rebellion 'in the old fashion', that is, coup: he does not renounce revolution. The reason for Engels' caution is clear: he candidly admits that ultimate victory for any insurrection is rare, simply on armed services and tactical grounds".[98]

In his introduction to the 1895 edition of Marx'south The Class Struggles in France, Engels attempted to resolve the sectionalisation between reformists and revolutionaries in the Marxist motility past declaring that he was in favour of brusk-term tactics of electoral politics that included gradualist and evolutionary socialist measures while maintaining his conventionalities that revolutionary seizure of ability by the proletariat should remain a goal. In spite of this attempt by Engels to merge gradualism and revolution, his effort just diluted the distinction of gradualism and revolution and had the event of strengthening the position of the revisionists.[99] Engels's statements in the French newspaper Le Figaro, in which he wrote that "revolution" and the "so-chosen socialist society" were not fixed concepts, but rather constantly changing social phenomena, and argued that this fabricated "usa socialists all evolutionists", increased the public perception that Engels was gravitating towards evolutionary socialism. Engels also argued that it would exist "suicidal" to talk about a revolutionary seizure of ability at a time when the historical circumstances favoured a parliamentary route to ability that he predicted could bring "social democracy into power as early as 1898". Engels's opinion of openly accepting gradualist, evolutionary and parliamentary tactics while claiming that the historical circumstances did not favour revolution acquired defoliation. Marxist revisionist Eduard Bernstein interpreted this as indicating that Engels was moving towards accepting parliamentary reformist and gradualist stances, but he ignored that Engels'due south stances were tactical equally a response to the particular circumstances and that Engels was still committed to revolutionary socialism.[100] Engels was deeply distressed when he discovered that his introduction to a new edition of The Class Struggles in France had been edited past Bernstein and orthodox Marxist Karl Kautsky in a mode which left the impression that he had get a proponent of a peaceful road to socialism.[99] On 1 April 1895, four months before his death, Engels responded to Kautsky:

I was amazed to run into today in the Vorwärts an excerpt from my 'Introduction' that had been printed without my knowledge and tricked out in such a fashion as to present me as a peace-loving proponent of legality [at all costs]. Which is all the more reason why I should like information technology to announced in its entirety in the Neue Zeit in order that this disgraceful impression may exist erased. I shall exit Liebknecht in no doubt as to what I think about information technology and the aforementioned applies to those who, irrespective of who they may be, gave him this opportunity of perverting my views and, what's more, without then much as a word to me near information technology.[101]

After Marx's death, Engels devoted much of his remaining years to editing Marx's unfinished volumes of Das Kapital. However, he also contributed significantly in other areas. Engels made an argument using anthropological testify of the time to show that family structures changed over history, and that the concept of monogamous matrimony came from the necessity within course society for men to control women to ensure their own children would inherit their property. He argued a hereafter communist society would allow people to make decisions most their relationships free of economical constraints. One of the best examples of Engels'due south thoughts on these issues are in his work The Origin of the Family unit, Private Property and the State. On 5 August 1895, Engels died of throat cancer in London, aged 74.[102] [103] Following cremation at Woking Crematorium, his ashes were scattered off Beachy Head, near Eastbourne, equally he had requested.[103] [104] He left a considerable estate to Eduard Bernstein and Louise Freyberger (wife of Ludwig Freyberger), valued for probate at £25,265 0s. 11d, equivalent to £2,983,597 in 2020.[105] [106]

Personality

Engels in 1868[107]

Engels in 1868[107]

Engels's interests included poetry, play a trick on hunting and hosting regular Lord's day parties for London'southward left-wing intelligentsia where, as one regular put it, "no one left before 2 or three in the morning". His stated personal motto was "have it like shooting fish in a barrel" while "jollity" was listed as his favourite virtue.[108]

Of Engels's personality and appearance, Robert Heilbroner described him in The Worldly Philosophers as "tall and rather elegant, he had the effigy of a man who liked to fence and to ride to hounds and who had in one case swum the Weser River 4 times without a break" also as having been "gifted with a quick wit and facile heed" and of a gay temperament, being able to "stutter in twenty languages". He had a great enjoyment of wine and other "bourgeois pleasures". Engels favoured forming romantic relationships with that of the proletariat and establish a long-term partner in a working-class woman named Mary Burns, although they never married. After her death, Engels was romantically involved with her younger sister Lydia Burns.[109]

Historian and sometime Labour MP Tristram Chase, author of The Frock-Coated Communist: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels,[5] argues that Engels "almost certainly was, in other words, the kind of man Stalin would have had shot".[32] Hunt sums up the disconnect betwixt Engels's personality and the Soviet Union which subsequently utilised his works, stating:

This groovy lover of the skillful life, passionate advocate of individuality, and enthusiastic laic in literature, civilisation, art and music as an open forum could never take acceded to the Soviet Communism of the 20th century, all the Stalinist claims of his paternity notwithstanding.[v] [32]

As to the religious persuasion attributable to Engels, Chase writes:

In that sense the latent rationality of Christianity comes to permeate the everyday experience of the modernistic earth—its values are now variously incarnated in the family, civil lodge, and the state. What Engels particularly embraced in all of this was an idea of modern pantheism, or, rather, pandeism, a merging of divinity with progressing humanity, a happy dialectical synthesis that freed him from the fixed oppositions of the pietist ethos of devout longing and estrangement. 'Through Strauss I accept now entered on the straight road to Hegelianism... The Hegelian idea of God has already become mine, and thus I am joining the ranks of the "modernistic pantheists",' Engels wrote in one of his terminal letters to the before long-to-exist-discarded Graebers [Wilhelm and Friedrich, priest trainees and former classmates of Engels].[five]

Engels was a polyglot and was able to write and speak in numerous languages, including Russian, Italian, Portuguese, Irish, Spanish, Smoothen, French, English, High german and the Milanese dialect.[110]

Legacy

In his biography of Engels, Vladimir Lenin wrote: "After his friend Karl Marx (who died in 1883), Engels was the finest scholar and teacher of the modern proletariat in the whole civilised earth. [...] In their scientific works, Marx and Engels were the offset to explain that socialism is not the invention of dreamers, but the last aim and necessary result of the development of the productive forces in modern society. All recorded history hitherto has been a history of class struggle, of the succession of the rule and victory of certain social classes over others."[111] According to Paul Kellogg, in that location is "some considereble controversy" regarding "the identify of Frederick Engels in the canon of 'classical Marxism'". While some such as Terrell Carver dispute "Engels' claim that Marx agreed with the views put forrad in Engels' major theoretical work, Anti-Dühring", others such as E. P. Thompson "identified a tendency to make 'old Engels into a whipping male child, and to impugn him any sign that one time chooses to impugn subsequent Marxsisms'".[96]

Tristram Chase argues that Engels has become a convenient scapegoat, too hands blamed for the state crimes of Communist regimes such as China, the Soviet Union and those in Africa and Southeast Asia, among others. Hunt writes that "Engels is left property the purse of 20th century ideological extremism" while Karl Marx "is rebranded as the acceptable, postal service–political seer of global capitalism".[32] Chase largely exonerates Engels, stating that "[i]n no intelligible sense tin can Engels or Marx bear culpability for the crimes of historical actors carried out generations later on, even if the policies were offered up in their honor".[32] Andrew Lipow describes Marx and Engels as "the founders of modern revolutionary democratic socialism".[112]

While albeit the distance betwixt Marx and Engels on 1 hand and Joseph Stalin on the other, some writers such as Robert Service are less charitable, noting that the anarchist Mikhail Bakunin predicted the oppressive potential of their ideas, arguing that "[i]t is a fallacy that Marxism's flaws were exposed simply after it was tried out in ability. [...] [Marx and Engels] were centralisers. While talking virtually 'costless associations of producers', they advocated field of study and bureaucracy".[113] Paul Thomas, of the University of California, Berkeley, claims that while Engels had been the nigh of import and dedicated facilitator and diffuser of Marx'south writings, he significantly contradistinct Marx's intents equally he held, edited and released them in a finished form and commentated on them. Engels attempted to fill gaps in Marx'south organisation and extend information technology to other fields. In particular, Engels is said to have stressed historical materialism, assigning it a character of scientific discovery and a doctrine, forming Marxism every bit such. A case in point is Anti-Dühring which both supporters and detractors of socialism treated every bit an encompassing presentation of Marx'due south idea. While in his extensive correspondence with German socialists Engels modestly presented his own secondary identify in the couple's intellectual human relationship and always emphasised Marx's outstanding role, Russian communists such equally Lenin raised Engels up with Marx and conflated their thoughts as if they were necessarily congruous. Soviet Marxists so developed this tendency to the country doctrine of dialectical materialism.[114]

Since 1931, Engels has had a Russian metropolis named after him—Engels, Saratov Oblast. It served every bit the uppercase of the Volga German Republic within Soviet Russia and as function of Saratov Oblast. A town named Marx is located 50 kilometres (30 miles) northeast. In 2014, Engels's "magnificent beard" inspired a climbing wall sculpture in Salford. The five-metre-loftier (16 ft) beard statue, described equally a "symbol of wisdom and learning", was planned to stand on the campus of the Academy of Salford. Engine, the arts company behind the piece, stated that "the idea came from a 1980s program to relocate an Eastern Bloc statue of the thinker to Manchester".[115]

In the summer of 2017, as part of the Manchester International Festival, a Soviet-era statue of Engels was installed by sculptor Phil Collins at Tony Wilson Place in Manchester.[116] It was transported from the village of Mala Pereshchepina in Eastern Ukraine, after the statue had been deposed from its primal position in the village in the wake of laws outlawing communist symbols in Ukraine introduced in 2015. In recognition of the important influence Manchester had on his piece of work, the iii.five metre statue now stands in Tony Wilson Place, a prominent eatery commune on Manchester'due south Outset Street.[117] [118] The installation of what was originally an musical instrument of propaganda drew criticism from Kevin Bolton in The Guardian.[119]

The Friedrich Engels Guards Regiment (also known as NVA Baby-sit Regiment ane) was a special guard unit of the East High german National People's Regular army (NVA). The baby-sit regiment was established in 1962 from parts of the Hugo Eberlein Guards Regiment but wasn't given the championship "Friedrich Engels" until 1970.

NVA Honor Guard, East Berlin, 1990[clarification needed]

Influences

In spite of his criticism of the utopian socialists, Engels'southward own beliefs were still influenced past the French socialist Charles Fourier. From Fourier, he derives four main points that narrate the social conditions of a communist state. The first point maintains that every private would exist able to fully develop their talents past eliminating the specialization of production. Without specialization, every individual would exist permitted to exercise any vocation of their choosing for as long or as piddling equally they would like. If talents permitted it, 1 could be a bakery for a year and an engineer the next. The 2nd indicate builds upon the first equally with the ability of workers to bicycle through different jobs of their choosing, the cardinal basis of the social division of labour is destroyed and the social division of labour will disappear every bit a result. If anyone can employ himself at whatever job that he wishes, then there are clearly no longer whatever divisions or barriers to entry for labour, otherwise such fluidity between entirely dissimilar jobs would not exist. The tertiary point continues from the second as once the social division of labour is gone, the division of social classes based on holding ownership will fade with information technology. If labour division puts a human being in charge of a farm, that farmer owns the productive resources of that farm. The same applies to the ownership of a factory or a bank. Without labour partitioning, no single social grade may claim exclusive rights to a item means of production since the absenteeism of labour division allows all to use information technology. Finally, the 4th indicate concludes that the elimination of social classes destroys the sole purpose of the state and it will cease to exist. As Engels stated in his own writing, the merely purpose of the country is to abate the effects of class antagonisms. With the elimination of social classes based on belongings, the state becomes obsolete and a communist society, at least in the eyes of Engels, is achieved.[120]

Major works

The Holy Family (1844)

Cover of the first edition of Engels's The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, first published in 1884

This book was written by Marx and Engels in November 1844. It is a critique on the Young Hegelians and their trend of thought which was very popular in academic circles at the time. The title was suggested by the publisher and is meant as a sarcastic reference to the Bauer Brothers and their supporters.[121]

The volume created a controversy with much of the press and caused Bruno Bauer to attempt to refute the book in an article published in Wigand's [de] Vierteljahrsschrift in 1845. Bauer claimed that Marx and Engels misunderstood what he was trying to say. Marx later replied to his response with his own article published in the journal Gesellschaftsspiegel [de] in January 1846. Marx also discussed the statement in chapter ii of The German language Ideology.[121]

The Status of the Working Class in England (1845)

A study of the deprived conditions of the working class in Manchester and Salford, based on Engels's personal observations. The piece of work also contains seminal thoughts on the state of socialism and its evolution. Originally published in German and only translated into English in 1887, the work initially had little impact in England. It was yet very influential with historians of British industrialisation throughout the twentieth century.[122]

The Peasant War in Germany (1850)

An business relationship of the early 16th-century insurgence known every bit the German language Peasants' War, with a comparing with the recent revolutionary uprisings of 1848–1849 across Europe.[123]

Herr Eugen Dühring'southward Revolution in Scientific discipline (1878)

Popularly known equally Anti-Dühring, this book is a detailed critique of the philosophical positions of Eugen Dühring, a German philosopher and critic of Marxism. In the course of replying to Dühring, Engels reviews contempo advances in scientific discipline and mathematics seeking to demonstrate the way in which the concepts of dialectics apply to natural phenomena. Many of these ideas were later adult in the unfinished work, Dialectics of Nature. Iii chapters of Anti-Dühring were afterwards edited and published under the separate title, Socialism: Utopian and Scientific.

Socialism: Utopian and Scientific (1880)

One of the best selling socialist books of the era.[124] In this work, Engels briefly described and analyzed the ideas of notable utopian socialists such as Charles Fourier and Robert Owen, pointed out their strongpoints and shortcomings, and provides an caption of the scientific socialist framework for understanding of capitalism, and an outline of the progression of social and economical development from the perspective of historical materialism.

Dialectics of Nature (1883)

Dialectics of Nature (German: "Dialektik der Natur") is an unfinished 1883 work past Engels that applies Marxist ideas, particularly those of dialectical materialism, to science. It was outset published in the Soviet Wedlock in 1925.[125]

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the Country (1884)

In this work, Engels argues that the family is an always-changing institution that has been shaped by capitalism. It contains an historical view of the family in relation to issues of class, female subjugation and individual holding.

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Sources

  • Blackledge, Paul (2019). Friedrich Engels and Mod Social and Political Theory. New York: SUNY Printing. ISBN978-1438476872.
  • Carlton, Grace (1965). Friedrich Engels: The Shadow Prophet. London: Pall Mall Press. ASIN B0000CMSPY.
  • Carver, Terrell (1989). Friedrich Engels: His Life and Thought. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN978-0312045012.
  • Fedoseyev, P.N.; Bakh, I.; Golman, L.I.; Kolpinksy, L.Y.; Krylov, B.A.; Kuzminov, I.I.; Malysh, A.I.; Mosolov, V.G. & Stepanova, Y. (1977). Karl Marx: A Biography, prepared past the Establish of Marxism–Leninism of the C.P.S.U. Central Committee, Moscow: Progress Publishers
  • Dark-green, John (2008). Engels: A Revolutionary Life, London: Artery Publications, ISBN 0-9558228-0-7
  • Henderson, W.O. (1976). The life of Friedrich Engels, London: Cass, ISBN 0714640026
  • Hunt, Tristram (2009). The Frock-Coated Communist: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels, London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0713998528
  • Mayer, Gustav (1936) [1934]. R.H.S. Crossman (ed.). Friedrich Engels: A Biography. Translated by Gilbert Highet; Helen Highet. Alfred A. Knopf. ASIN B0006AN5IS.

Further reading

  • Royle, Camilla (2020), A Insubordinate's Guide to Engels, London: Bookmarks. ISBN 9781912926541
    • "Engels showed how humans change the earth". Socialist Worker (Britain).

External links

  • Marx/Engels Biographical Archive
  • The Legend of Marx, or "Engels the founder" by Maximilien Rubel
  • Reason in Revolt: Marxism and Mod Scientific discipline
  • Engels: The Che Guevara of his Day
  • The Brave New World: Tristram Hunt On Marx and Engels' Revolutionary Vision
  • German language Biography from dhm.de
  • Marx and Engels (1973). Selected Works. Vol. 1. Moscow: Progress Publishers.
  • Marx and Engels (1973). Selected Works. Vol. 2. Moscow: Progress Publishers.
  • Marx and Engels (1973). Selected Works. Vol. 3. Moscow: Progress Publishers.
  • Marx and Engels (1982). Selected Correspondence (third revised ed.). Moscow: Progress Publishers.
  • Frederick Engels: A Biography (Soviet work)
  • Frederick Engels: A Biography (Eastward High german work)
  • Engels was Right: Early Human Kinship was Matriliineal
  • Archive of Karl Marx / Friedrich Engels Papers at the International Institute of Social History
  • Friedrich Engels at the Marxists Cyberspace Archive.
  • Works by Friedrich Engels at Projection Gutenberg
  • Works by or about Friedrich Engels at Internet Archive
  • Works by Friedrich Engels at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
  • Libcom.org/library Friedrich Engels annal
  • Works by Friedrich Engels (in German language) at Zeno.org
  • Pathfinder Press
  • Friedrich Engels, "On Rifled Cannon", articles from the New York Tribune, April, May and June 1860, reprinted in Military machine Diplomacy 21, no. 4 (Wintertime 1957) ed. Morton Borden, 193–198.
  • Marx and Engels in their native High german linguistic communication
  • Engels in Eastbourne - Commemorating the life, work and legacy of Friedrich Engels in Eastbourne

This page was last edited on 2 March 2022, at 02:07

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Source: https://wiki2.org/en/Friedrich_Engels

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